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[1521] French and Comuneros {interview}

[1521] French and Comuneros {interview}
Francisco Iglesias Carreño
ML members [Movement Leon] meeting today days 9-4 - 2011 in the city of León de Salamanca, echoing the protests of citizens Iglesias Carreño (D. Francis), on the events in 1521 in the Iberian Peninsula, have called for a friendly meeting and in any case brotherly Helmántico in the city so that we clarify their views on the mentioned events. Posts

this, from the Movement Leon ML, we asked:

P. How important is the year 1521 for Spain? .
R. It happens that the really important happened in 1521, is relegated to oblivion in a way that is, we estimate, and not coincidentally, when its importance and its high should be relevant, call it in modern terms, the real newsworthy event.

Q. But not everything has been said already about the year 1521? .
R. It has been said is true, but we add, from our side has not been weighted in their full terms, even he has been dispossessed of their real historical magnitude, giving a shelve (acadecimiscista maybe?) That is negating such time and in such situation.

P. How can these acts of 1521 frames?
. R. We're in 1521 here in the state of a situation of government, that is, at the time, a sum of several Coronas [which, broadly speaking, we place as the Crown Leonesa Aragonese and Castilian Crown], where, since 1917, we have a young king who is being subjected to severe political tensions and war, and among those caused by Henry II of Navarre and his protector / ally Francis I of France.

P. "... Henry II of Navarre? .
R. If, in 1917 death of his mother Catherine de Foix and Henry II accedes to the trope, but doing so is to recover all the Crown Navarra, for military action -.- after the Bulls of Pope Julius II against the House of Albert ( the first was the Pastor Caelestis Ille-in that bull was excommunicated in general terms to the allies of the French king., and the second bull, the exigent Contumacium, the house was stripped Albert of the Crown and Navarre released his subjects, which were isolated from the oath of allegiance to their sovereign, in practice the Crown policy Navarra who remained at the mercy of the annexation or intended first.) - Fernando the Catholic (from the Aragonese and married Germaine de Foix), is incorporated into their domains, so arto curious, go to the Castilian Crown and the Crown in 1512 Leon ..

P. Is that why it is important and as you said, also important?
R. Henry II that is to group all the old Crown Navarra and it starts talks with Carlos I. Such conversations take place in Noyon (in 1516) and then in Montpellier (1518), but not come to fruition in agreement.

P. And what can guess from this? .
R. Well, the failure of negotiations between Henry II and Charles I, drives the first to change its strategy and move the negotiations to other policy areas, and always with the same purpose and that purpose provides an entente with Francis I in France it has with Carlos I hegemonic rivalry in Europe at that time.

P. What do Henry II and Francis I? .
R. Begin preparations to take by force of arms the geographical area of \u200b\u200bthe Corona de Navarra. And design a plan of attack against Navarre fittings Carlos I, while who stir up a popular uprising against the troops of the Crown and the Crown Leonesa Castellana that are highlighted in such places. We are facing a Crown as the Crown Navarre, conquered / integrated by the Aragonese and "delivered", ignore the proceedings, the Crown and the Crown Castellana Leon, where they are already embedded in the Castilian Crown, since 1200, Basque demarcations: Alava, Vizcaya and Guipuzcoa. These decisions of Francis I of France did not give to see, in our view, far from the events of 4/22/1520 (Cortes de la Castellana and the Crown Crown Leon in La Coruña) and 28.06.1520 (choice as Emperor Charles I) and, of course, on 23/10/1520 (Coronation of Charles I as Emperor)

P. Well this is not widely publicized! .
R. All the more reason to ponder now is important, for me, high importance, since it takes place in 1521, and is happening, and it looks and finds that facts may be collateral superlativícen that time, interest mediate and short-term political-that are uninformed-rather than those who, in our opinion particular, are major and really important.

Q. result is reached in Navarra attack the alliance of Henry II and Francis I against Charles I?
. R. Of course there are attempts, after the death of Fernando II the Catholic, in 1516 (in March), that does not succeed, by the reaction of the regency of Cardinal Cisneros. For later in the año1521, Navarro-Gascon army, sent by Henry II, enter the Crown Navarra and, aided by an uprising of the inhabitants, causing the initial victory of Francis I and his ally. On May 19, 1521 capitulation occurs Pamplona, \u200b\u200band before May 15 San Juan de Pied de Port, Roncesvalles and then Burguete. As Olite, Sanguesa and Tudela.

Q. That is no longer around Navarre? .
. R-certainly is, but this, except to the Crown Navarra and the Basque Provinces, and the upper valley Ebro, just seems to be driven by researchers and scholars, and reiterate that we are in 1521. , And an army Gascon-Navarro, who is operating within the crown of Navarra in early May, has not formed a "pis pas", but it has been prepared in advance, and therefore, everyone can which has been venturing into this period of preparation which has also been the spark threshold after this start, which would take us, unequivocally, to a temporary-.- for the preparation of quartermaster troops of Francis I and Henry II -.- the first quarter of 1521 and even long before. So in this period, could be the start of the year last quarter 1520, has decided to Francis I of France (in its true or alleged sponsorship of Henry II) to attack Carlos I would say that "the Crown Navarra" or "through Navarra Crown."

Q. Why Francis I of Navarre attacks in 1521? .
R. Why is the right time, the most strategic place to do it and the optimal chance to achieve their goals and also against what seems a share of Henry II, in fact their presence is, in the absence (as there is with the armies) of total subordination, and the proof is that the French military onslaught, taking the crown in Navarra, not there and go to the city of Logroño (as in the Castilian Crown), which besiege. P

. What does the meantime the rest of Europe at that time?. . R. What we have said before needs a preamble, a necessary preamble, and that Francis I of France (the alleged / allegedly wants to help Henry II), you need the quiet war of their other border areas, and it puts all its intention to make a political approach of Henry VIII of England [trying to break the Treaty of Canterbury established between Charles I and Henry VIII, perhaps instigated by Queen Catherine] and therefore urges the conference gastronomic / pastoral / Policy Field of the Cloth Gold (quote you get from the meeting, two weeks, the Field of Cloth of Gold meeting being held in 1520 - maybe on the month of June at the place setting of meadows and Ardres located between Guînes near of the population of Calais under English rule at the time-to address: both an agreement to end hostilities between their kingdoms, and, yet, to conclude an alliance to stop the advance of Spain, governed by the future Emperor Charles V) P

. And how is that such and such important events of 1520 and 1521 we have ceased to be reported here?.
R. It may be that here, for various reasons, want to talk about germanías and communities and such stories give a sense of autochthonous proposed placing them to do so outside the European scene of the confrontations, when it is not so, because their relationship seems to be evident. The information / intelligence to the start of the modern age of both Francis I and Charles I are aware of the situations occurring in their respective domains, and therefore the matches at the time of the surveys / pronouncements against Charles I can not, in principle, be separated from other interferences that are foreign. It is no accident that, on the plateau north of the Iberian Peninsula, two armies to move, and at the same time!, Against Charles I.

P. " There were agreements between the rebels against Charles I and the armies of Francis I?
R. There have been a relationship of concomitant conditions of both, which are detailed in:
(1 °) In early 1521, but Laso de la Vega did not report that a French spy had spent 15 days in Valladolid (instigating neutrality Board Comunera before the invasion of Navarra).?;
(2) Comte de Nájera not reported talks between the French and commoners (produced for the month of March)?;
(3rd) Duke of Alba, in a letter to Queen Catherine, does not indicate the stoking of the Communities by Francis I to stand against Carlos I and go to, invading Navarre and besieging the city, with help of the community?
(4 º) Does the work of D M. Fernández described the conviction of Charles I by collusion between Francis I and the community?
(5 º) documents Esparra not confirm the entente between the French Crown and the community?
(6 °) The three spies arrested in the Basque Country are not proof of agreement with the French Crown Communities?;
(7 º) ...

P. Well if it seems that the year 1521 was very important in the Iberian Peninsula
R. Extremely important, as the 1520 and 1522, because, in short, mean behavior of Hispania / Spain in the Modern Age, from a new interior design to an external action, and how from the beginning of foreign interventionism (the flamingos) becomes a share that every time it may be more Hispanic indigenous peoples. What
signed by the ML, in the city of León de Salamanca, April 9, 2011
:
GRES (Rafael D. Núñez) -.- CC.ZZ (Jose Miguel T. Barrios) -.- GAPLAN (Miguel Angel F. García)

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Francisco Iglesias Carreño Snoopy Flag and Castilla scarf

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register their nominations CiBu the Electoral Board

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to a contemplation of Castilla (José María Muñoz Quirós)

FOR CASTILLA contemplation of

Far: the burning of a valley on

in gold, slowly

see how the day and escape their hours

has written the night, that home

illegal to fire and

choose us to be part of his voice, perhaps

to experience the latest and unequivocal

spend the afternoon. I could not

how my eyes look

unprocessed

asleep in the light. Something tells me

in the bluest of the world heard

a silent language of centuries

and destroys us in deep pain when hugged

on the edge

time of its existence. All silent

and beats the stone and the wind comes and goes

once again the bell

far from a church, and envelops us

the dreamy stillness, the exact echo of a

distant voice. Who writes the words

no more in that eternal

fullness of a moment? Who holds

both infinite horizon? And only

answer me the cry of this silence,

the beauty and peace, while all

here Standing in front of me, and again as

total

watching a late siesta

birds and shadows, the deep twilight

miracle of this death.

Quirós José María Muñoz

The only seed

Col. strange islands

Ávila 2009

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CIBU lists literature Gedos

Gredos literature

(Luis Garcinuño González)

Trasierra II era No. 6, 2007

Poets, novelists, playwrights, essayists ... and many other authors related to the world of literature have been de Gredos and environment-writing center of their cough. Everyone thinks this place as a warm and lush paradise, describes with joy unspeakable. Américo Castro commented on the wonder that students produced in the arrival and visit these places of the English geography. In Gredos everything is great, all is glory, blue, wind, snow, admire-tion, apotheosis ... Gorges silvery mirror-like waters dazzle us from the bottom.

So he sang

Ramón de Garciasol in Songs,:

EVENING FROM

GREDOS

"And we have quiet. Something is moving

with slow majesty. summits have

a fruit of past fires glow.

Comes the ox of the night, meek. Injures

transit are profoundly solemn

Gorges water sprinklers.

also silent their destroyer pain

questions

springs. Cesa the world

to be present. Bleeding from the loins

saw the shadow of the equalizer,

the verge of stone are. We

diluted mineral drowning,

until a cricket sounds, and sound

Gredos night of silence flows. "

Gregorio Marañón frequently in his writings recreates and recreates when describing the Sierra de Gredos:

"Gredos is extraordinary, is the sum of all things healthy and admirable that the LED close RRA mountain climate, in all its aspects and at all altitudes. Nowhere in the world come under a sky so beautifully blue, the sun so constant and beauti-ful, the sweetness of the temperate valleys of Arenas de San Pedro, the weather still mild, but more toned and strong ... and finally, all the gradation levels, with all the gradations of floras, terminating in the regions of perpetual snow tufted ... "

On tour routes and Gredos, Ortega y Gasset said " who would commit a mistake to think that what is valuable in climbing the mountain top and not the climb."

This tour can meet and walk the trails, ponds and more re-filed hatches of the central massif of the Sierra de Gredos, admire the impressive peaks and ridges donors so famous for our Sierra and get into the culture of the inhabitants of this beautiful and diverse region. Since we Morezón tene what is probably the best view of the Circo de Gredos, with the lagoon inside. From Refugio del Rey ruinág see Castilla La Mancha and Extremadura Ex. The peak that catches our attention more to the east is The Look. It is relaxing to sit by the fountain in the Refugio del Rey and drink your water pure and clear. Blas de Otero, poet of the protest and testimony shudder to contemplate the lake and the towering rocks that surround the great circus Creeds and exclaimed:

"Tears

stone, burning

in the face of heaven

.

The great novelist and Nobel Prize for Literature, Camilo José Cela, very handsomely treated people and the lands of the Sierra de Gredos, which glosses fascinating works of great literary value. Many of his writings he refers to these lands as a whole and their favorite places, such as when portraying continue Candeleda and their wives:

"The Tramp, in Candeleda, gave him food and drink. Candeleda has everything, like Noah's Ark of the three kingdoms of nature, namely the animal, vegetable and mineral. At two days and nights of jogging and looking Candeleda-ay, Catalina! to Candeledana, which are the most beautiful girls around the confines of the kingdom ... "

In Jews, Moors and Christians: "The Tiétar is the South River of Avila, what some call - the tramp does not know why - the Andalusian Ávila, with more property had been christened with the name Avila Valencia and more even, with that of Avila Extremadura, which is what it is.

Tiétar The river rises in the port of the Sale of Cojo, in beetles, and for most of his career, and even that is lost through the plains of Cáceres, separates - administratively and against all laws of nature - Avileses land of Toledo and Toledo land of Caceres. The tramp is understood that the River Valley Ramacastañas Tiétar part, the homeless often more friendly natural regions of the provinces artificial. "

Eduardo Tejeda, teacher and center of this tribute, has an extensive work. It often speaks of this land. In Oral Tradition Literature Avila (IGDA, 1994), has beautiful pages concerning Gredos and its environment.

In the introduction to this magnificent and well documented book, he himself, in a gesture typical of his humility, said that perhaps with excessive boldness has been proposed to treat a broad view on the texts of oral tradition of Avila and province. I, who lived very closely the investigation and prosecution of this work, only in the context of the tradition of Avila, I know that humility, but also its unquestionable merit. In one of its sections, can not but go to a "common place" his numerous publications: Arenas, Tiétar GREDOS ... and 149 pages of this work draws us with a masterly hand is "the area" so dear to him as experiential, referring to authors who made his poetry a beautiful song to Gredos:

"Whoever is in peace with God

and wants to get into war,

go to the mountains of Gredos

and take little snack. " (Vergara, 1923)

"If you want to know what is good

and pass the black sorrow,

go to wild to Gredos

and bears little snack. "

" The woman I ronde

ronde me not anyone

I am from Sierra de Gredos

and I love "pa" married. "

(Copla of Priedalaves. P. Anta)

Piedralaves

is also the Pastoral Copla, heir to the classical text known co: Lady and Pastor:

"Pastor of Sierra de Gredos

you sleep in the broom

if you marry me

good bed to sleep on. "

A great poet, writer and columnist, the Ridruejo Dionisio Soriano, with exceptional quality, evokes the Sierra de Gredos and stops in to sing in its:

SONNETS TO THE STONE

"Green, yellow, gray, white in height,

the vast highlands to the light rests

like a wave still

bravest in its foam.

I stop in the valley. With roots

between the grass I have the soul.

Go to my feet, a water, a start

while stringing my guts.

grow flowers. Sleep for a moment.

Trees are the sky and covers me

tierrrra the death and goes with the breeze

monitor the plant height.

will awaken. Wake. Outside

of up the mountain pine

green, yellow, gray, white at the summit,

forever exalted and gentle. "

D. Ridruejo often retreats to the Sierra de Gredos to MEDIF in solitude on his idea of \u200b\u200bSpain. In July 1942, writes a series of poems titled Serranías , notes that evokes Spain that is concerned:

"Urbión there and, closer,

Malagón, Guadarrama,

Sierras de Béjar y Star, sunk

to the land that breaks my heart,

and here Gredos; accounts the spine

forces ", pain? - Spain,

pouring, wealthy - Tajo, Duero -

for the elusive sea, the cool waters."

In a series of short poems entitled Gredos Sierra de Gredos or , the poet meditates and breathes the grandeur of the landscape and geography and impose steep component, while in contrast his present enjoyment of solitude with the grave decision just to take their craft burning political adventure in defense of a more authentic Spain:

"Ports and ports, valleys and hills,

summits and peaks, rugged movement

to be found in simple human

unveils or untamed wilderness.

And finally, lowland pine forests, high peaks,

and the eagle in the heavens.

Already solitude in all the soul

ships and back - rock to rock - fire. "

Spain

The same spirit and thirst for eternity that we saw in the stone's Sonnets which is revealed in the steep Gredos peaks, as shown in this poem:

" Little by little - oh sublimated solid-

thing you'll make heaven

vague body of clouds. your violent ground faith in heat

of eternity, welcomes

to nothing ineffable calm.

certainty I see you straight away,

teeth, hooves, pyramids, and lose

I also myself together before the night

alone, and, so solitude, uncertain.

Until the stars

there, the bottom of the dark dream,

awaken again our loved

shadow slim firm and honor. "

Sonnets to stone closed with a beautiful composition, in which the poet, reveal-ing the riddle, he abandons the symbolic language that was maintained throughout the book, to define what this "Spain's Stone" seen in its impressive gold-graphy (the Pyrenees to Tejada, Gredos, Guadarrama) and on the shores of Atlantic. It's majesty, spirit warrior, castle, height, crest and serenity. And at the same time, energy, movement, agony, longing, nudity, freedom and immortality. It is a wonderful combination of strength, stability, strength and dynamism, spirit of adventure. This is the impression with his theory that synthesizes all over Spain:

"Any castle or cresting, flight

heavy, hardened movement,

serenity - oh Gredos, Guadarrama -

nascent and agony. All longing,

all without mastering and without clothing,

all free, immortal. As you love. "

And we focus on the great poet of the area, Don Miguel de Unamuno. For land in Portugal and Spain says," Each tour Gredos-stone of Castilla-spine is a small lesson in geology. The Central System is the backbone that divides the Meseta into two. Gredos is the highest part of this system that reaches into the Peak Almanzor its maximum altitude, 2,592 m. "

Miguel himself considers himself the" greatest poet of Gredos "that He discovered and appropriate for soliloquies and lyrical outbursts. Gredos is the key to its refined lines and dense, like Luis Felipe Vivanco said, "and nothing so little musical modernist."

Gredos is a fount, its source inspiration for a poem naked hermetically policy, with an intense metaphysical and spiritual message. Fervent bull's skin, like wind and marginalized unpublished routes: "Spain has been many times, is to know for the English ... While the memory remains vivid in my wanderings through the foothills of Gredos ... It is a charming, out Béjar, first spotted Becedas tower, informing the Tormes, the river itself to the side of which live and see when fresh and newly born murmuring waters of the rocks and crosses under the first hanging Caudina, the bridge of Barco de Avila, guarded by the ruins of a castle ... And then it appears you Piedrahita ... and beyond twisting road up to Pico porti ment, through the Barranco Valley paradise and go to rest in Arenas de Sa Pedro, at the foot of the Gredos feet ...

Later in the same book says: "Pillars of my land, columns that you hold the sky, who never hugged you, how you will feel the homeland." In Sonnets and lyrical visions Andanzas English, Unamuno continues singing, excited, a Gre-DOS. In Fuerteventura to Paris, 1925, feel the obsession with "the call of God of Spain who has his throne in Gredos." :

"No, not that Gredos mountain range

confines are clouds, clouds of step ...

Gredos, in the robust spring

of my life my soul filled the glass

with visions of glory, now

review

with the sea that sings flattering.

The silence of the ignoble rock

full cordial gesture of courage!

The silence of the huge mouth

of heaven, who put his finger seal

of Mansur! In your nail hits over

and breaks saw imitation! "

the story is very striking that, while in Paris with Blasco Ibáñez, saying," I it, contemplating the Champs Elysees : "Have you seen, D. Miguel, a sight more beautiful? ". He replied:" Yes , Gredos .

Avila Saw de Gredos is the main source which feeds the co-currents del Duero on its left bank. Its high peaks, snow almost constant, separate the basins of the Duero and Tajo born there where two major tributaries, the Tormes and Tietar, as recalled by Don Miguel de Unamuno in a composition of Songbook:

"Tiétar Tormes, Tajo, Duero,

twins of Castile;

Gredos mother both arms

spreads and caresses

on bone, brown meat ,

blood and sweat to harass. "

As a recurring theme to show these feelings again towards the end of his life, in a short poem titled Water Tormes, which reveals just how deep-seated are images Salamanca in the heart of the poet:

"Agua del Tormes,

snow

Gredos,

out of my land,

sun in my sky,

Armuña mushy bread, dark,

plain goat milk plain,

pink soles made eternal

oak shadow mirrors the Port ... "

Another view of the river gives Unamuno Salamanca in its composition: The Tormes:

"From Gredos, back from Castile,

rolling, Tormes, on the meadow,

raisins Teresa Heath's dream

Alba with the ducal villa sleeping.

keep on enjoying the Arrow on the shore,

Padre Duero,

save them from the flood.!

A poor

that your faith Slumber

lived

and that bag has come

for their homes and fishing in your pools the pots,

the mattresses of the beds!

Padre Duero,

save them from the flood! "

Lusitania to the sea, arrives with his word made Duero poem to follow in the footsteps of Tormes loved to his embrace with Duero and through this lead the poet to his meeting with the brotherly people:

"Gredos Gredos, Mansur, the Tormes

Piedrahíta del Duque,

Barco de Avila,

Torreon de Alba,

golden Salamanca.

Soledad de Ledesma,

Fermoselle frowning

my Duero resulted

singing in the bowels of Portugal and Spain. "

Some

final considerations

Gredos is considered one of the most valuable of Cen-tral System. Located south of Castilla-León, is presented as a succession of cliffs, gorges, lakes and circuses. Gredos comprises more than 140 km. Most of the Sierra is located in the province of Ávila but also extends to Salamanca and Caceres. The landscape is shaped by the various ice ages and its rich fauna and flora is of incalculable value to exist again and several endemic species, as described above. Along with all this natural wealth, orographic, history, literature, exists in the environment other no less rich and fascinating, as is the cultural and monumental: the Roman road from Puerto del Pico and peoples Candeleda, Arenas, Mom-Beltrán, El Barco de Avila, to name a few, are good examples. Hikers can not miss the Circo de Gredos, through an impressive journey that begins in Hoyos del Espino up to the Prado de las Pozas. At an altitude over 2,000 m to reach the top of the Barrerones, leading to the Royal Trail near the glacier lagoon can be enjoyed in all its beauty of Mansur.

The Sierra de Gredos, for his extraordinary wealth, is included within the Natural Areas Network of Castilla y León. We could describe the Gredos Regional Park as a virgin landscape, silent and magical. From its wild cum-men descend in noisy waterfalls Ricuevas crystal waters, form-ing big pond stone scree, where sand and the cool spring penetrating wrap you in light and sound.

conclude with the words of Miguel Angel Troitiño Vinuesa, an expert and researcher in this area, " The Sierra de Gredos is a mountain strong-mind humanized Mediterranean, where the interplay between the natural and the social is one of its singularities, an aspect that should not be forgotten in the management of the Regional Park or the implementation of socio-economic outreach programs. The overlap between nature, society and culture shape diverse landscapes, still need to clarify and integrate the new features of the territory to try to overcome an old conflict between protection and promotion. The social interpretation of the environment, understood as a territory, is a way of working that can help overcome the limitations of simplistic naturalistic views and allow the Regional Park, from a policy of active protection is an instrument to advance through the road to sustainable development. "

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The government of the communities of Villa and Land in Modern

Government Villa communities and Earth in the modern age. The example of the Villa and Land Mombeltrán.

Gonzalo Martín García

Trasierra II Época, n º 6, 2007

Summary The Ordinances of 1613 reflect the political and administrative organization of community Mombeltrán villa and land in the Modern Age. The powers of mayors, region-tors and officers are really the superior court of the town council on the village council, which will end up segregated from the community in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The model can serve as reference for the study of modes of organization of other village communities and land for the Modern Age. Abstract

The by-laws of 1613 Reflect the Political and administrative organiztion of the community of town and land of Monbeltran in the early modern times. Mayors' aldermen's and Officers responsible show the juridictional superidrity of the Town Councils over the village council, buying a sandwich will eVerttúldrY segregate from That community in the 17k "an 18th Centuries. This model Can Be reference to study how Other Communities WHERE Organized DURING this period.

At the beginning of Modern Age whole territory of the former administrative district of Avila had been organized on the basis of political, economic and adminis-trative receiving the name of town and land. This structure was based on the existence of a town or village, which had an independent jurisdiction, which is defined in each villazgo letter, and a clearly delimited territory where he plied that jurisdiction. The village council that existed previously or were created back in the dependent territory's legal, political and administrative provisions of the town council.

In the sixteenth century the territory of the province of Ávila was divided administrative provisions in the following communities of town and land: Ávila, Arévalo, Madrigal, Piedrahita, El Miron, El Barco, Bohoyo, Bonilla de la Sierra, Villafranca de la Sierra, Villanueva del Campillo, Vahíllo, Villatoro, Las Navas, Candeleda, Arenas, La Adrada and Mombeltrán. The latter was made at the end of the cen-tury by a villa, Mombeltrán, and eleven villages: Serranillos, Las Cuevas, Villarejo, San Esteban, Santa Cruz, Arroyo Castano, La Higuera, Lanzahíta, Pedro Bernar-do, Hawks and Mijares. Located on the southern slope of the Sierra de Gredos, limited to the north and land to the city of Avila and the town and land of Stone-hita, on the east by the town and land of the Adrada, south to Montesllanos and Nava-Morcuende and, on the west by the town and land of Arenas. Like all councils Tiétar Valley had experienced throughout the fifteenth century an intense process of lordships and belonged the last third of this century, the lordship of the House of lburquerque.

In May 1613, after a period of preparation and review that lasted more than two years were passed in open council and published in Mombele-transit and towns in its jurisdiction new ordinances (1) to regulate social life , political and economic of the villa and land. Over ninety-four chapters such ordinances developed an interesting law on pub-lic offices, the supplies, agricultural and handicraft production, care of livestock and forestry, trade, how to get the neighborhood and all public affairs that somehow affected the lives of neighbors and their rela-tions. The document provides information on mayors, aldermen, faithful and other public offices of the village council and village council can serve as reference to know the political and administrative organization of village communities and land in the Avila territory during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the organization will be maintained in each until launch a new process of segregation and granting villazgo titles throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries inevitably lead to its dissolution. 1. Mayors and councilmen of the town council

Mombeltrán was a manor villa belonging to the Duke of Alburquerque . Mr. jurisdiction exercised in town and land through the presence of co-rregidor, chief justice, appointed by the Lord, who presided over the councils , adminiatraba justice and represented the interests of the Duke . But each corrected-dor not usually stay more than a year in the village, he took residence at the end of his mandate, gave him possession council itself, paid the residents of the town and land, came from outside, barely had time to study in depth the problems and its performance in defending the interests of the Duke could cause madversión animal population. Its position in the service of ducal policy could be ineffective if not counterproductive. Who were always in the village were the neighbors. And they were the residents of the village who occupied the magistracy and municipal councils played trades. So the best way had the Lord to intervene in the internal affairs of the village and was trying to control land in the exercise of their judicial duties, the appointment of mayors, aldermen and council officers. (2)

However, the council of the town of Mombeltrán was formed during the early modern period of two ordinary mayors, one from the state of the noblemen and a state of good men, and two aldermen, also a the status of noblemen and other state of good men, who met ordinarily, a bell tolled in the houses of the council chaired by the mayor to provide the things pertaining to good governación of the villa and land.

The term of office was annual. In the Middle Ages were elected by the assembly of neighbors gathered for this purpose on September 29, feast San Miguel (3). In the modern era are those mayors and council members who elect their successors. In this sense, the ordinance states that the two mayors and two council should meet every year on December 15 in the presence of the clerk of the council, to elect by majority vote, by secret ballot for mayors and governors next year. Because manor villa, had to appoint a num-ber of trades doubled-four mayors (two per state) and four council members (two from each state) - for the owner of the manor choose between them.

For the appointment of mayors were excluded everyone who had de-committed such an office in the last three years and the appointment of trustees that would have been in the last two. Those eligible were to be residents of the town, residents in her house populated with continuous habitation, and one hundred thousand pieces of silver quantiosos finance, and lexítima age, and not children and families can not be appointed to any of the said offices any person in Haia Ayuntamientoque choose, tuhiere father, son, ssuegru,! tender, brother or brother, if not by the other votes, we do not want to be named any that est Ubiera first degree of affinity or consanguinity with that! thine to appoint or to any of them (4). The list of appointed members the council was submitted and marked closed and sealed to the Duke of Alburquerque, lord of the town, that he choose between them and confirm the appointment of the two mayors and two council members, one of the state of the gentry and other state good men. From that time appointed mayors and council represent the council meeting in council under the chairmanship of the mayor and are responsible for the governance of the community.

The mayors had the specific jurisdiction of the administration of justice. Every day of the week are required to make court in the town, with the assistance required of notaries and attorneys, to know of civil and criminal cases in first and second instance and on appeal in civil cases, appeals against decisions of the mayors of the village council. The marshals were appointed to effect the function of enforcing and implementing the orders and judgments.

Mayors and councilmen were together governmental powers and administrative provisions, the function of providing the things pertaining to good governación of the villa and land. They were entitled to ensure the maintenance of public peace, safety, police and health and sort the deals prosecutors in the town and village and care for the proper functioning of the stocks and other many aspects of public life in the village. They provide solar power to 'housing and land to the neighboring point of the town or village for the cultivation of cereals, flax and vines or define own assets of the village council or the land of communal pastures each site. Was within its jurisdiction to license to cut trees in chestnut, oak, oak and pine, for Peguera the mountains or to sell and cork oak bark outside the jurisdiction of the town and land, and also give residents the wood need to justify and give the stranger neighborhood that met the requirements for them. (5)

2. council officers

For the effective discharge of its powers of government mayors and aldermen had the collaboration of several officers who are responsible for compliance with branch functions' clerk, steward, faithful supplies, craft suppliers, forest guards.

The clerk's role was to certify the resolutions of the council, carry out the powers of tax distribution and write letters and Albala. To bringing a the office of notary publics a number of the town appointed by the con-brow and his work was paid for the rights set out in the actual tariff.

The butler was a citizen of the town. The mayors and council members appointed at the last council to do in December. In case of a tie vote for mayors and aldermen mayor tie vote, the only case in which it could intervene in the appointment of officers. The designated person should perform the job for two years and was responsible for collecting the rents of the town and pay their bills and drafts, in short, manage the finances of the council and take the appropriate receipt and expenditure book. Was obli-gado to endorse with their own property the honesty of their management as well as thin-tar money, up to the amount of 34,000 coppers, council to make payments when necessary. A change was assigned a salary of 7,000 per year coppers and enjoyed certain tax exemptions. It is easy to deduce that only per-sons of a certain economic level could meet demanding performance requirements of the profession.

The faithful craft supplies had annual duration. Each year, the day of San Juan, third day of Christmas Pasqua, mayors and council members appointed to two neighbors honest men of the village to perform the office of the Aryan faithful following. Were responsible for the custody of the weights, weights, rod and other measures of the council, all iron or metal (6)) established by the ordinances. This "ban forced to contrast with them and if they were compliant, sealing weights and weights of individuals to weigh or reweigh all goods that are bought and sold in the town despite holidays and Tuesday, and THURSDAY other days you shall command the courts, with their weight and weight in the square where you weigh the meat, the Government and quaresma, where he weighed the fish.

Each year in the first eight days after Aryan again, and then every fortnight, were forced to bisitar weights, weights, measures yards and the carnage and the taverns and the weight of flour and rregatones shops and waiters and all other offices and seal these weights, weights and measures and other things with the standards of the villa. Also, in January and July of each Aryan should leave those faithful to the locations of the jurisdiction to visit the butchers, fishmongers, bars, weights and weights and measures to inspect and seal such weights, weights and measures to ensure accuracy in the purchases and sales that were made. The faithful were also obliged to make bisitar and pillars and fountains of the town and people of the earth were clean and full and prevent them wash cloths, berduras or other things that these pillars and fountains filth rreciban '(7).

The faithful could not be nominated again until they had been two years since they served him in that office.

Mayors and aldermen had the power to appoint, in their first town hall each year, the providers should ensure that the good work of teachers and officers of various handicrafts, paintings and suppliers of shoemakers and others offices, ordinances specified (8). And, whenever necessary, no fixed date, mayors and aldermen appointed a keeper who is a man-ber honored citizen of the town or land, and four smaller guards to keep and enforce the provisions of the ordinances and that the council shall command in the mountains, terms, chestnut, oak, grass and fields.

Thus, through the powers of magistrates, mayors and record-ers, and suppliers of his officers, guards, loyal to the town grocery-organ-nice land around him and the governing council and managed directly or indirectly during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries throughout the country.

3. The village council

The performance of the responsibilities of suppliers, rangers and faithful, nominated by the mayors and aldermen of the council of Mombeltrán throughout the territory reflects how effective is the political power of the town council in towns and ends of the earth. Is that the minimum term. We have seen how the faithful of supplies, Mombeltrán neighbors and appointed by the mayor and re-Gidor of Mombeltrán, were obliged to go out twice a year to the peoples of the earth to visit the butcher, fishmonger, pubs, weights and weights and measures to inspect the weights, weights and measures and correct them, if they default, or seal if the standards were in line with the council. Also the mayors and aldermen of the council visited Mombeltrán peoples of the earth.

According to the ordinances established each year during the months of November and December, for two weeks, first in the villages and then tops out at summits in villages, a mayor and an alderman of the village council, each state, were forced to make general inquiry or visit to the municipalities and terms of the peoples of the earth. In this vision-ta take account of public sins, examine the damage, cuts and breaks made in the mountains of the town and land, wondering if the strangers who dwell in villages without obtaining neighborhood and inspect the book of receipt and expenditure revenue is recorded and expenses of each village council and the inputs and outputs of the deposits of bread and call the village council to hear and grant, if deemed appropriate, requests for soils with neighbors to build a house or expand their inheritance. The management of the village council is therefore subject to the supervision and direct control of the town council. That submission also staged each year with the appointment of public offices of the village council, some of whom have to go to be sworn by the town council.

The village councils were formed as early as the sixteenth century by a mayor and an undetermined number of trustees, usually two. Each Aryan the second day of Passover Christmas in each village had to join the mayor and the governed-res of that Aryan with the mayor and aldermen of the previous year to make choice between the neighbors and inhabitants of every place of public office for following year mayor, aldermen, mayor of the council, the custodian of baked bread, clerk, sheriff, jailer and faithful. It could not be appointed mayor, alderman or any person notary public office tubiere bastecedor of any variant such as thing, waiter, bartender or miller or executor of public letters. The council of the village intervened directly in the election in case of equality of votes, if any of those named not take possession of the office or if any of the officers stopped at the performance of his duties because of absence, accident or death. The mayor, the clerk and the sheriff were to occur in the municipality of Mombeltrán New Year's Day to swear his office before the run-Gidor and regiment of the villa. The other officers were sworn into office before the mayor of each village.

Its jurisdiction was limited, subordinate and dependent. Decide on the appropriate vechamientos of pastures, pine forests and reserves assigned to each site; charge penalties generated by the Failure to meet the ordinances in their respec-tive places, can force down cendra ovens and oil of juniper to be made in the mountains have to play, in general, the powers conferred upon them by the ordinances and have to record their actions in the book of each council to be inspected by mayors and aldermen of the town (9), in judicial matters mayors could know in which civil cases litigated matters of value less than sixty coppers and executing debt and understand and take prisoners to the prisoners until the third day, but no , and should refer the rest of civil and criminal cases to the ordinary mayors of the town.

The exercise of these powers was the way municipal councils to come true mastery court of the villa on the peoples of the earth. This business unit generated the system created inequities among neighbors and problems and inconvenience to the inhabitants of the villages. When no reluctance and suspicion. To remedy such nuisance ordinances established themselves when the mayors of the town cite to testify on his audience to the village litigants facilitate their attendance and take into account the distances (10) and so did the clerks (11). At the same time the village council tended to intervene more and more, through attorneys appointed for this purpose, the municipal council of the village and in the seventeenth century it appears well documented figure of the Attorney General Peoples, which, through its initiatives and interventions on different issues, advocates on the council of the village and beyond the interests of local residents and councils of nations.

to his appointment met every year in one of the locations of the Earth, warned by a roadman, a mayor, an alderman or a neighbor any nickname-Rado for the purpose, on behalf of each Council, to name among neighbors ; us all places to the attorney general. The choice was approved and recognized by the council of the village, in which he swore council office and the elected used to go to appear before the duke, lord of the town and land. Among those named are mayors, governors, priests and neighbors of every kind, but especially write. Their duties and responsibilities are difficult to pin down. Involved in checkpoints headings of each council deals with all matters for which the town council gives power of attorney, defends the interests of the place, raising requests and testimonies, general inspection done every year by mountains and, when the occasion or if required, took a seat on the council of the town. Each year the council commissioned two neighbors to take account of the solicitor of the money spent on the exercise of their function, which is paid equally divided among all the inhabitants of Earth.

Historical circumstances, demographic trends, increased tax burdens, the economic needs of the monarchy and the nobility causes, were to during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries long process of exemption from the con- ; cejos land under the jurisdiction of the town of Mombeltrán . The process is realized in three different times. In the first, begun in 1668 and completed in 1679, were exempted and acquired nature of villazgo Pedro Barnardo, Mija-res and Lanzahíta. In the second, between 1693 and 1695, the peoples of "summits aden-ter, San Esteban, Las Cuevas and Villarejo. And a century later, in 1792, concluded the exemption process in Santa Cruz del Valle and Hawkins. At the beginning of the nineteenth century villa community and Mombeltrán land consisted of the village and villages Mombeltrán Serranillos, Arroyo Castano and La Higuera.

Notes (1) The procedure is initiated at the request of the prosecutor of the people to review some ordinances that were drafted in 1598 and 1599 by providing the duke of Alburquerque. At the initial meeting, held on May 2, 1611 and presided by the mayor, attended by mayors and aldermen of Mombeltrán, Lanzahíta, San Esteban, Villarejo, Las Cuevas, Santa Cruz, La Higuera, Serranillos, Attorney Arroyo Castano and Attorney General of the peoples of all jurisdiction. Councillors did not attend places of Pedro Bernardo, Mijares and Hawks, who were represented at the meeting by the attorney of the peoples of the Tierra.Comisionaron to do the work of revision, empowered to remove or add more convenient service Our Lord and common wind of this town and villages from their land and neighbors of her six people: two appointed by the municipality of Villa de Mombeltrán, two appointed by the Summit places Afuera (Lanzahíta, Peter Bernard, Mijares and Hawkins) and two appointed by the Summit places Adentro (The Caves, Villarejo, San Esteban, Santa Arroyo Cruz and Chestnut). A month later, on May 30, the six commissioners presented the new ordinances. They were finally approved in the consistory of Mombeltrán houses, in open council, on 30 March 1613. HISTORICAL ARCHIVE CUÉLLAR, Mombeltrán, C50 L6/I2.

(2) Martin Garcia, G., Mombeltrán in its history (siglo XIII-XIX century), Avila, 1997, p.178.

(3) MARTÍN GARCÍA, G., op.cit., P. 90.

(4) HISTORICAL ARCHIVE CUÉLLAR, Mombeltrán, C50 L6/12, Ordinances ... Chapter I: hor-den that has to be for the election Mayors and rexidores of each year.

(5) Ibid, Chapter XX: In the vicinity of outsiders. (6) "Had the council of the village and half a quart quartillo copper, weighing scales and a wooden quartillo iron bull, half bushel also Jimmy, with a standard, one weighing more than two weights balance iron each pound, another half bushel of wood shod, shod beam frame, half bushel of copper, half a bushel of wood, a wood quartillo shod, and half a quartillo quartillo two brass pieces. " MARTÍN GARCÍA, G., op. cit., p. 181.

(7) Ibid, Chapter LXXVI: From what I have to do faithful.

(8) Ibid, Chapter IV: The appointment of the overseers of the offices of Town and Earth.

(9) Ibid, Chapter XLI: That the mayors of places do carry the said sentence in the book of his concejopara quentar to them.

(10) Idem, Chapter VIII: when and Where to judge.

(11) Idem Chapter XCIIII: The Rights of the Notaries Public.